So with a little help, I was able to upgrade the RT Linux part of the system to have LabVIEW 2015 SP1, and with it I was able to add the target, connect, deploy code which ran bash commands, and got the result. Still no UI and there is a good chance that just wasn't included in the package anyway. And still no way to install more software through MAX.
After you install the OS using the NI provided ISO, boot up the VM using the network adapter Host-only. Hopefully when it boots it will show the IP address and it can be pinged from your Windows OS. Using Filezilla connect to using "sftp://<IP Address>", username "root" and blank password.
Navigate to /usr/local/natinst/labview and delete or rename the lvrt file, and delete the symbolic link liblvrt.so.15.0 (the file can remain)
I wanted to upgrade to 2015 SP1 so I transferred over the lvrt and the liblvrt.so.15.0.1 files from the following directory:
C:\Program Files (x86)\National Instruments\RT Images\LabVIEW\2015sp1\Linux\x64\
Next we need to set the permissions on these two transferred files, so in Filezilla right click and set the properties of these newly transferred files to 755. Next we need to recreate the symbolic link we deleted earlier. So using putty log into the VM, and navigate to the /usr/local/natinst/labview folder and execute the following command.
ln -s ./liblvrt.so.15.0.1 ./liblvrt.so.15.0
Then reboot the controller. Then in LabVIEW 2015 SP1, create a new project, and add a new target or device. Specify it with the IP address, and specify the type as a Real-Time CompactDAQ >> 9135 (this is a controller with x64 RT Linux). You should now be able to connect, and deploy, and run code to the RT system. I tested it running the system exec "ls" and it listed files as bash should. I've also been able to deploy code that uses TCP, UDP, WebDav, Network Streams, DataSocket, and VISA functions so these libraries are installed with the ISO, but no DAQmx, not that this VM needs it. In my mind the most benefit is from being able to use and call into 3rd party libraries and test deploying network code.